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英语四级作文连接词高级

发布时间: 2020-12-25 17:07:12

⑴ 英语四级作文考试复习资料,连接词,句子结构等,怎样写。说说你的心得,

写作是本人的老本行,高中一般都是21-23这个级别,大学英语作文被老师在班上推介为范文!!
对于作文,我说的最多的就是:不走寻常路!你不要以为在网上下载那些所谓的优秀作文,拿来背背,你就成为高手了,其实大错特错!因为我看了之后也觉得一般,甚至有些拙劣,哗众取宠的味道,比如有的所谓优秀作文竟然还用什么be good at ,importance,very much,depend on,in my opinion ,completely 这样低等的写作词汇,说它低等,那是因为这些词汇已经广为人知,阅卷老师已经看的麻木不仁了!
要写出高人一等的作文,我觉得并不难,只要你有一定的语法基础和一定量的写作词汇(越高级越好),写作句型,就足可以应对常规的高考,四六级考试……(我记得高中25分满分的作文我可以保持在21-23这个级别,四六级的作文都是110多分)
首先是语法,在你的语法达到一定层次之后,你就可以追求更多的变化了,比如,用虚拟语气句型it is high time that we……代替常用的it is necessary that we should……,又如用倒装句代替常见的平铺直叙等,这样可以增加你的语法亮点,让已经有些麻木一直想睡觉的阅卷老师眼睛一亮,在你的试卷上多扫射一番!
其次,是词汇,我觉得,在你的语法达到基本不会出错的程度上,作文便应该以词汇取胜,因为在这个层次上,大家的语法都差不多,没什么变化,唯一有变化的就是你的词汇!给你打个比方吧,很多想到“许多”就用many,但是你别忘了many a ;handsome;massive,innumerable,a multitude of ;很多人想到“专家”就写expert,但很少人会想到specialist,很多人在想到“擅长”这词,就写be good at ,却不知还有更高级的表达法:be expert at 或者excel in …高手和庸才,就体现在这些细微的差别上!
再次,是怎么将文章润色,从而使你的文章大放异彩!!关于这方面,我觉得我自己使用最多的,也是我自创的------叫做“添油加醋”,包括如下几个方面:尽可能地在形容词前使用副词,在介词短语中加入适当的形容词和副词,在过去分词前加入副词,在名词之前尽可能多用形容词……,总之就是尽可能地使用形容词和副词。我觉得这样做有一个好处,那就是使原本干巴巴的句子变得血肉丰满,比如:
1.The regular physical exercise contributes to our health 改成The regular physical exercise contributes tremendously to our health!
2.In my opinion,the driver’s carelessness should be responsible for this road accident改成
3For my part,the driver‘s negligence should be dominantly responsible for this unexpectedly horrible accident
4The majority of students believe that the part-time job will provide them with more oppportunities to develop their interpersonal skills改成The majority of students firmly believe that the part-time job will undoubtedly provide them with golden opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills tremendously!
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
最后,我建议你,平时读报,或者做题的时候,发现有好的句子好的词汇,你要抄下来,长期下来,你的作文会有提高的,需要说明的是,这个提高过程可能很缓慢,但是最后能收到很好的效果,以前25分的作文我都能保证在21-23这个级别,靠的就是对语法的熟练掌握和积累了许多较高级的词汇,句型,句子。

附录
1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……
There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest
that ____.
2. 俗话说(常言道)……,它是我们前辈的经历,但是,即使在今天,它在许多场合仍然适用。
There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our
forefathers,however,it is correct in many cases even today.
3. 现在,……,它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先,……;其次,……。更为糟糕的是……。
Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First,
____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______.
4. 现在,……很普遍,许多人喜欢……,因为……,另外(而且)……。
Nowadays,it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______.
Besides,______.
5. 任何事物都是有两面性,……也不例外。它既有有利的一面,也有不利的一面。
Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception,it has both
advantages and disadvantages.
6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同,一些人认为(说)……,在他们看来,……
People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say
that ______.To them,_____.
7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……,这个问题变得越来越严重。
Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more
serious.
8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题,特别是在年青人当中,将引发激烈的辩论。
______ has become a hot topic among people,especially among the young and
heated debates are right on their way.
9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用,它给我们带来了许多好处,但同时也引发一些严重的问题。
______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day
life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious
problems as well.
10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……,但是为什么呢?
According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar
graph/line/graph,it can be seen that______ while. Obviously,______,but
why?
(二)中间段落句
1. 相反,有一些人赞成……,他们相信……,而且,他们认为……。
On the contrary,there are some people in favor of ___.At the same
time,they say____.
2. 但是,我认为这不是解决……的好方法,比如……。最糟糕的是……。
But I don"t think it is a very good way to solve ____.For
example,____.Worst of all,___.
3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的,(也是)非常重要的。首先,……。而且……,最重要的是……
______is necessary and important to our country"s development and
construction. First,______.What"s more, _____.Most important of
all,______.
4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先,我们可以……。
There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can______
5. 面临……,我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……,另一方面,
Confronted with______,we should take a series of effective measures
to______. For one thing,______For another,______
6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……,另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。
It is high time that something was done about it. For example. _____.In
addition. _____.All these measures will certainly______.
7. 为什么……?第一个原因是……;第二个原因是……;第三个原因是……。总的来说,……的主要原因是由于……
Why______? The first reason is that ______.The second reason is ______.The
third is ______.For all this, the main cause of ______e to ______.
8. 然而,正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样,……也有它的不利的一面,象……。
However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ______also
has its own disadvantages, such as ______.
9. 尽管如此,我相信……更有利。
Nonetheless, I believe that ______is more advantageous.
10. 完全同意……这种观点(陈述),主要理由如下:
I fully agree with the statement that ______ because______.
(三)结尾句
1. 至于我,在某种程度上我同意后面的观点,我认为……
As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent.
I think that ____.
2. 总而言之,整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。只有这样,我们才能在将来……。
In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of
______.Only in this way can ______in the future.
3. 但是,……和……都有它们各自的优势(好处)。例如,……,而……。然而,把这两者相比较,我更倾向于(喜欢) ……
But ______and ______have their own advantages. For example, _____,
while_____. Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to______.
4. 就我个人而言,我相信……,因此,我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。因为……
Personally, I believe that_____. Consequently, I’m confident that a bright
future is awaiting us because______.
5. 随着社会的发展,……。因此,迫切需要……。如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自已的一份力量,这个社会将要变得越来越 好。
With the development of society, ______.So it"s urgent and necessary to
____.If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it
will be better and better.
6. 至于我(对我来说,就我而言),我认为……更合理。只有这样,我们才能……
For my part, I think it reasonable to_____. Only in this way can you
_____.
7. 对我来说,我认为有必要……。原因如下:第一,……; 第二,……;最后……但同样重要的是……
In my opinion, I think it necessary to____. The reasons are as follows.
First _____.Second ______. Last but not least,______.
8. 在总体上很难说……是好还是坏,因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而,就我个人而言,我发现……。
It is difficult to say whether _____is good or not in general as it
depends very much on the situation of______. However, from a personal
point of view find______.
9. 综上所述,我们可以清楚地得出结论……
From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the
conclusion that____.
10. 如果我们不采取有效的方法,就可能控制不了这种趋势,就会出现一些意想不到的不良后果,所以,我们应该做的是 ……
If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some
undesirable result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do
is_____.

一)原因
1.A number of factors are accountable for this situation.
A number of factors might contribute to (lead to )(account for ) the
phenomenon(problem).
2. The answer to this problem involves many factors.
3. The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that...
4. The factors that contribute to this situation include...
5. The change in ...largely results from the fact that...
6. We may blame ...,but the real causes are...
7. Part of the explanations for it is that ...
One of the most common factors (causes ) is that ...
Another contributing factor (cause ) is ...
Perhaps the primary factor is that …
But the fundamental cause is that ...
二)比较
1.The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages.
2.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B.
3.A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that...
4.It is reasonable to maintain that ...but it would be foolish to claim
that...
5.For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages.
6.Like anything else, it has its faults.
7.A and B has several points in common.
8.A bears some resemblances to B.
9.However, the same is not applicable to B.
10. A and B differ in several ways.
11. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.
12. People used to think ..., but things are different now.
13. The same is true of B.
14. Wondering as A is ,it has its drawbacks.
15. It is true that A ... , but the chief faults (obvious defects )are
...

三)批驳
1)It is true that ..., but one vital point is being left out.
2) There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more
important fact.
3) Some people say ..., but it does not hold water.
4) Many of us have been under the illusion that...
5) A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.
6) It makes no sense to argue for ...
7) Too much stress placed on ... may lead to ...
8) Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that ...
9) Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that ...
四)后果
1. It may give rise to a host of problems.
2. The immediate result it proces is ...
3. It will exercise a profound influence upon...
4. Its consequence can be so great that...
五)举例
1) A good case in point is ...
2) As an illustration, we may take ...
3) Such examples might be given easily.
4) ...is often cited as an example.
六)证明
1) No one can deny the fact that ...
2) The idea is hardly supported by facts.
3) Unfortunately, none of the available data shows ...
4) Recent studies indicate that ...
5) There is sufficient evidence to show that ...
6) According to statistics proved by ..., it can be seen that ...
七)开篇
1) Many nations have been faced with the problem of ...
2) Recently the problem has been brought into focus.
3) Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.
4) Recently the issue has aroused great concern among ...
5) Nowadays there is a growing concern over ...
6) Never in our history has the idea that ... been so popular.
7) Faced with ..., quite a few people argue that ...
8) According to a recent survey, ...
9) With the rapid development of ..., ...
八)结尾
1) From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that
...
2) It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop ...
3) It is necessary that steps should be taken to ...
4) In conclusion, it is imperative that ...
5) There is no easy method, but ...might be of some help.
6) To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must ...
7) In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more
problems will crop up.
8) With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved
thoroughly.
9) We might do more than identify the cause ; it is important to take
actions to ...
10) Taking all these into account, we ...
11) Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is
certain/clear...

⑵ 英语四级考试作文的各种题型的模板和各种转折连词

1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……
There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest
that ____.
2. 俗话说(常言道)……,它是我们前辈的经历,但是,即使在今天,它在许多场合仍然适用。
There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our
forefathers,however,it is correct in many cases even today.
3. 现在,……,它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先,……;其次,……。更为糟糕的是……。
Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First,
____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______.
4. 现在,……很普遍,许多人喜欢……,因为……,另外(而且)……。
Nowadays,it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______.
Besides,______.
5. 任何事物都是有两面性,……也不例外。它既有有利的一面,也有不利的一面。
Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception,it has both
advantages and disadvantages.
6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同,一些人认为(说)……,在他们看来,……
People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say
that ______.To them,_____.
7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……,这个问题变得越来越严重。
Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more
serious.
8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题,特别是在年青人当中,将引发激烈的辩论。
______ has become a hot topic among people,especially among the young and
heated debates are right on their way.
9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用,它给我们带来了许多好处,但同时也引发一些严重的问题。
______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day
life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious
problems as well.
10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……,但是为什么呢?
According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar
graph/line/graph,it can be seen that______ while. Obviously,______,but
why?
(二)中间段落句
1. 相反,有一些人赞成……,他们相信……,而且,他们认为……。
On the contrary,there are some people in favor of ___.At the same
time,they say____.
2. 但是,我认为这不是解决……的好方法,比如……。最糟糕的是……。
But I don"t think it is a very good way to solve ____.For
example,____.Worst of all,___.
3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的,(也是)非常重要的。首先,……。而且……,最重要的是……
______is necessary and important to our country"s development and
construction. First,______.What"s more, _____.Most important of
all,______.
4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先,我们可以……。
There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can______
5. 面临……,我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……,另一方面,
Confronted with______,we should take a series of effective measures
to______. For one thing,______For another,______
6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……,另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。
It is high time that something was done about it. For example. _____.In
addition. _____.All these measures will certainly______.
7. 为什么……?第一个原因是……;第二个原因是……;第三个原因是……。总的来说,……的主要原因是由于……
Why______? The first reason is that ______.The second reason is ______.Thethird is ______.For all this, the main cause of ______e to ______.

⑶ 零基础如何学好英语四级听力

【导读】英语四级听力在复习的时候需要掌握一些方法和技巧,那么今天小编就来给大家说一说如何学好英语四级听力?希望能给各位考生带来帮助,祝愿各位考生都能取得满意的成绩。

第一点:学会专注

专注是在任何做事情时必不可少的关键。在你开始练习听力的时候,一定要全身心的投入在这段听力对话中,把你的全部注意力都集中在耳朵上,学会让自己的心静下来,用你最好的状态去听。这样才能保证你的水平可以得到正常发挥,避免因为紧张等因素在考场上丢分。这样的练习才是有效并且有意义的。

第二点:学会掌握六要素

其实不管是哪种语言的英语材料,都需要包括六大要素,即发生时间(When)、发生地点(Where)、涉及人物(who)、事件(What)、原因(Why)及背景(How)。相信大家一定在课堂上也听老师这么说过。同时这六要素也是新闻类的题目常设考点,所以在听材料的过程当中,一定要注意着重听这六要素,相信这样你就能够很轻松的选对答案了。

第三点:关注连接词

英语四级连接词就是连接单字、片语或字句的字或字群,不能独立充当句子成分。在英语词类中,连接词可说是最容易掌握的一种。英语当中的连接词有很多种,例如表示转折、目的、强调、解释说明、总结等,这些连接词能够直接告诉听众,接下里我将讲述的内容是什么或者直接传达重要信息。

举个例子:1)连接词and连接两个名词。 汤姆和杰瑞将去美国。

2)连接词and连接两个动词片语。 他们锁上门就去睡觉了。

3)连接词for连接两个对等子句。 因为没有足够的钱,他没和我们一起去。

所以同学们对于材料中的连接词一定要格外的注意,这样会对你的听力答题有很大帮助。

第四点:注意词汇积累

英语四级词汇量这个词语,相信大家已经从各个地方,不止一次的听到过了,词汇量就相当于英语的心脏。只有更多的积累自己的词汇,丰富我们的知识储备,才能在此基础上,看懂文章含义,理解文章内容,进一步的学好英语。所以无论如何,词汇量都是必不可少的。可能你听清楚了材料,但是确不知道这个词语,这不就是白白的送分吗?大家可以按照之前小编有说过的方法。每天拿一个小本来记下自己学习的生词,放在手边,每天去看,时间长了就会形成记忆,小编亲测有效哦!

第五点:注意首句

大家应该都有发现,在阅读很多英语材料时都有一个很关键的特征,也是共同点。那就是文章首句基本上就是对整个文章的浓缩和概括,它也就是大家常说的“材料导语”。大家一定不要小看这句话,相反我们要对它引起重视。在听力开始时,我们一定要着重去听开头第一句,让我们内心对后面的文章内容有个基本了解,从而帮助答题。

如何学好英语四级听力?小编就说到这里了,更多关于大学英语四级考试备考技巧,备考干货,英语四级分值如何分布,成绩查询,准考证打印时间等内容,小编会持续更新。祝愿各位考生都能取得满意的成绩。

⑷ 英语四级完形填空有什么技巧

根据四级考试大纲,完型填空满分占710分的10%。其主要形式是在一篇约300词的文章中留出20个空白,要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案,使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。相比较以前,完型填空的阅读量加大了。文章从以前的250词增加到现在的300词。做好完型填空虽然也需要好的英语功底,但是我们可以列出一些方法和要点,供大家参考,提高复习和做题的效率。
一、完型填空测试的步骤
1. 完型填空题测试点
完型填空题测试点主要在语法、词法、理解、综合、背景知识几方面。具体讲:
语法题包括词序、结构词(连词、介词的搭配)、动词词形(时态、语态、语气、动名词、不定式、分词)、不定代词的用法、比较级的使用。这类题的选择一般在句子里就可做出正确判断。词汇题一般是实义词,包括名词(词组)、形容词、副词等,不仅包括它们的同义词、近义词,而且还包括词的搭配、习惯用法。选择时要根据上下文,甚至在通篇理解的基础上,往往不能根据一句话做出准确的选择,要防止“见树不见林”的现象。
背景知识题主要是考查读者的常识。有时文章中提供的信息并不够,还需要与读者头脑中储存的一般知识信息结合起来考虑,最后做出符合常识的最佳选择。当然,试题的设计者应尽量避免这类题的出现,因为它已超出了语言考查的范围。综合题在英语知识运用(ClozeTest)中也占一定的比例。特别是在近几年考试中,这种题的出现加大了试题的难度,它往往在一道题中对词汇和语法同时进行了考查。
2.做完型填空试题的一般方法、步骤
(1)细读首句、启示全文。完型填空所选短文一般无标题,但首句通常不设空格,因此它往往是了解文章全貌的“窗口”;因此可判断文章体裁,推测文章大意,对我们理解全文有重要的启示作用。
(2)通读全文,掌握大意。先要稳下心来,“硬着头皮”把短文从头到尾快速阅读一至两遍,
以从整体上感知全文,掌握大意。跳过空格、不看选项、快速阅读,困难肯定是有的。但要注意文中的暗示,努力找出关键词。如果是故事性文章,那时间、地点、人物就是关键词;抓住了关键词就抓住了故事的线索,进而理解全文,此时选填就不会是胡猜乱填。可见,通读全文进而掌握大意是做好“完型填空”的先决条件。在掌握了短文大意之后,才可边读短文边选择答案。在阅读过程中,也许有些答案会在脑海中浮现,有些觉得很有把握或是不大,这时最好不要急于动笔,先读完。因为有些空白处,从单一的句子本身来看是难以确定答案的。因此,完型填空难度在于要能大致读懂一篇留有许多空白的短文,这就要求考生具有相当的阅读能力和通过长期大量阅读而形成的语感。
(3)瞻前顾后,先易后难。瞻前顾后即前后观察,对空格前后句子作深入分析,确定空格在句中的意思。如果是语法问题,不仅要考虑时态、语态,还要考虑整个词法、句法。如果是语义问题,要从上下文分析,依据短文自身完整的语言环境进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。先易后难就是首先选出那些只根据上下文就能确定的、直接的、明显的答案,诸如固定词组、常见句型等。这就增强了信心,减轻了心理压力,以便集中精力解决难度较大的选项。瞻前顾后,不要忘记首尾照应,首句之重要大家已注意,同时不要忽视尾句的画龙点睛的作用。另外要牢记文章的中心思想,每个空白处的含义与前后句的意思要联系起来理解。文章最前面的空格提出的问题很有可能要到文章的末尾才能找到答案。
(4)上下连贯,合乎逻辑。这是从句子结构的角度来考虑。如果空白处位于引导状语从句的位置上,则首先要分清是何种状语从句(时间、原因、条件、结果、目的、让步、比较关系、行为方式……),然后再选择适当的词填空。总之,填入单词后要使句子意思和结构都完整,上下连贯,合乎逻辑。
(5)复核全文,消除疏漏。填空全部完成后,还要通读一遍,检查是否前后贯通、内容清楚、主题突出。复读过程中,如果有某些地方意义含混或矛盾,就应该依据文章的中心意思来重新考虑。凡不通之处,必有待推敲的疑点。应从意义和语法两个角度仔细权衡,加以改正,以便弥补疏漏。从语法上,检查一下所完成的句子是否主谓一致:时态、语态是否正确;句词、代词的性、格是否一致;动词、形容词、名词与介词的搭配是否准确无误。对于个别难度较大的空项,可以凭着自己的语感,坚持第一感觉选择的答案。
二、完型填空解题技巧
英语知识运用是一种综合测试方式。通过研究历年考题发现,考生要准确补全文章空白 处,使其意义连贯,应实现四种类型的语篇衔接,即语义衔接、逻辑衔接、结构衔接和惯用 衔接。要实现这四种衔接,考生可联系上下文逻辑关系,或依据一些线索词来完成。以下将 从词汇、语法、语篇三个层面介绍一下这四种衔接的特点、反映在试题上的考点及其做题技 巧。
(一)词汇
1.利用动词词组中的介词或副词确定正确选项
如果我们认识某一词组,可根据自己的判断毫不犹豫地选择你认为是正确的选项。如果 不认识或拿不准它们的意义,我们可以根据动词后边的介词或副词进行推导。
2.利用固定搭配或习惯用语
四级词汇题目涉及对各种短语、固定词组和惯用语的测试,其所占的比例相当大。测试范围包括动词短语、动词与其他词语构成的习语、介词短语、形容词短语等。这类词组主要是习惯性和固定搭配用法,不能主观臆测,也不能随意创造,只能靠死记硬背。
3.根据邻近原则,利用词语意义的互相联系,确定选择的依据。
(1)选项为名词时,其前后的名词为选择的依据。
(2)选项为动词、动词词组(包括动名词、动词的分词形式)时,其前后的动词、名词、介词为选择依据。
(3)选项为形容词时,可以其前后出现的名词、动词、副词、介词为依据。
(4)选项为副词时,其前后出现的动词、形容词、副词为判断依据。
(二)语法
熟悉历年考题中常出现的语法考点。
分析前后分句间的逻辑等同关系,进行逻辑推理,从而确定正确选项在完型填空中,句子间的逻辑关系主要包括:
表示并列关系的连接词有and,while等。
表示转折关系的连接词有but,however,though,whereas,nevertheless,although,yet,on the contrary,otherwise,on the other hand,after all,for all,still,notwithstanding等。
表示顺序关系的连接词有before,after,and,to begin with,first,firstly,second, secondly,出en,next,finally,and so on等。
表示解释关系的连接词有that is to say,in other words,to put it another way等。
表示因果关系的连接词有so,therefore,thus,because,accordingly,as a result, consequently,hence,for this reason,for,since, as等。
表示让步关系的连接词有though,although,despite,in spite of,after all,even though,even if, while,whereas等。
表示条件关系的连接词有it, unless,once,provided that,in case (of)等。
表示附加说明、例证的连接词有likewise, similarly,in a like manner,for example,for instance,incidentally,indeed,in fact,in other words,in particular,specifically,that is,to illustrate等。
表示概括总结的连接词有so,in brief,in short,in conclusion,in a word,on the whole, generally speaking, to sum up, to summarize, to conclude等。
(三)语篇
1.利用句中的释义、同位替代或定语解释
在阅读过程中碰到意义不清的词语,有时句子本身就包含一些线索,如同义、反义关系、定义、比喻、同位语、举例、归纳、归类等等,考生要学会在句中找出这些线索,从而更好地理解短文内容。
2.通过理解上下文语义,根据相关线索词(尤其是连接词)作逻辑推理
(1)原因、结果:表示某一事物发生的原因。表示原因的连词写在表示原因的句子内,结果连词用来连接某一事物所引起的结果。表达原因、结果的常用词或词组有:because,since,as,e to the fact that,so,therefore,thus,hence,accordingly,consequently,as a result,as a consequence,now that,in that等。
(2)转折、让步:它表示后一种观点或事实与前一种观点或事实相比有些出乎意料。常用的词或词组有:however,vet,but,anyhow,anyway,nevertheless,in spite of等。
(3)比较、对比:比较关系表示意义上的相似关系;对比关系表示意义上的不同或相反。表达比较、对比的常见词和词组有:in comparison,by comparison,like,as,just as,in contrast,by contrast,conversely,oppositely,on the contrary,instead of,rather than等。
(4)列举:指叙述一系列相关的事实、观点等。表示列举逻辑关系的可以是单词,也可以是词组,常见的有:first(ly),second(ly),third(ly)…;first,next,then,last:one,two,three…;for one thing,for another thing…等。
(5)补充:表示对前一个事实或观点做进一步的阐述。表示这种逻辑关系的词或词组常用的有:also,too,similarly,further,moreover,likewise,in addition,furthermore,what’s more,not only…but also…,some…others…等。
3.根据上下文,寻找连接通篇的复现词语
词汇的复现关系是指某一词以原词、指代词、同义词、近义词、反义词、概括词等出现在语篇中,句子通过这种重现关系得到了相互衔接。根据这一原则,有时某一个空格所对应的答案可能就是在上下文中复现的相关词。我们可以根据这些复现词之间的有机联系找到正确的答案。考试题中出现的同现现象主要是动词与名词的同现、形容词与名词的同现、名词与名词的同现。
4.参照语境,利用文章线索、举例或提示
所谓语境就是我们常说的上下文。广义的语境指所有的上下文,段与段之间、句子与句子之间、句子与段之间的语义关系。一切语义的理解都离不开上下文。狭义的语境是指句子内部的词语在语义上的联系,我们根据这些联系和选项的辨析选出正确的答案,这种语境原则上应与词汇水平中的辨析结合起来。
由于完型填空的短文是一个意义完整、上下关联的语篇,它所讨论的是同一主题,行文中的替代现象和词语重复都是不可避免的。因此在解答时,应该瞻前顾后,寻找相关线索,如同义、近义词,有时甚至直接搬用文章中的词语或短语。考生应该学会跳出句子层次的樊篱,联系句际间的意义衔接和前后段落的呼应关系,在大范围内进行总体把握,形成 “全景式”的考虑。
5.利用文章相关背景知识和常识
完型填空短文的内容经常涉及到的是日常生活或常识。例如,2002年考到的短文是关于媒体的发展历史及信息社会。如果出现这种情况,要善于利用相关背景或常识来增强理解,帮助答题。

雅思7.5分是什么水平,雅思如何得高分

原创:环球教育徐秀秀老师

自2019年10月以来,雅思写作大作文的考题似乎出的不再那么有规律了。此前,大多数题是从亚太区2018年题库中出题,但是10月以后的出题来源似乎有点看不懂了……

10月后写作出题来源

出题来源比较杂乱,所以很难做出比较准确的预测。但是,只要考生精准地抓住考官评分标准,那么也能高枕无忧,自信面对雅思写作。

很多考生都见过雅思评分标准那张0—9分的表格,究竟放到一篇雅思写作中,这个表格中的内容又意味着什么?每个分数段的得分点和需要提高的点又在哪里?

以下表格收集整理展示了剑桥雅思真题书后考官针对各个分数段评语跨3.5—7分。各位考生可以针对考官的评语,根据自己目前的水平找到自己的不足和强项,精准地备考雅思写作。

具体的文章分析如下:

雅思考题:Cambridge 7 Test 4

Somepeople think that universities should provide graates with the knowledge andskills needed in the workplace. Others think that the true function of auniversity should to give access to knowledge for its own sake, regardless ofwhether the course is useful to an employer.

What,in your opinion, should be the main function of a university?

5分大作文展示

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⑹ 英语四级选择题

选A啊。B是完整结构,但后半句也是完整结构,而两个完整句子必须由并列连词或从属连词连接,所以B不对;C缺少be动词,不是被动结构;D同B

⑺ 列举英语四级作文常用衔接词.比如说"相反地","进一步说","另外"什么的.带例句,范文更好

1) 先后次序关系:at this time; first; second; at last; next;; simultaneously; eventually;last but not least;to begin with;to start with;to end with;finally;seeing...;since then;first of all;afterwards; following this; preceding this.
2) 因果关系:because;because of this;being that;another important factor/reason of... ; since; as; for; in that...; owing to; e to; for the reason that...; in view of; the reason seems to be obvious; there are about... ;for this reason; as a result of this; therefore;...and so...; consequently;as a result; thus; hence; so;so that...; in consequence; as a consequence; accordingly; inevitably; under these conditions; thereupon.
3) 转折关系:but;even so;however;though;even though;independent of;reckless of ;despite that; in spite of that; regardless of; yet...;and yet; but unless.
4) 并列关系: and; also;too;as well as;either...,or...;both...and...
5) (补充)递进关系: furthermore;moreover;further;In this way ;still; not only...but also...; not...but...; in addition (to);additionally, much more interesting, more specifically, next, besides; as far as... is concerned; moreover;in other words;along this line of consideration;on the one hand...,on the other hand...; even; as a poplar saying goes...;in order to do it...; meanwhile; at the same time; accordingly; In the first place...,in the second place...;equally important; of even greater appeal.
6) 比较关系: similarly; in like manner, in comparison with;when compared with;compared with;when in fact...; like...; likewise; similarly important; apart from (doing)...; ... rather than...,by doing so ;both…and...; in the same way; not only...but (also).
7) 对照(不同点):yet; still; for all of that; notwithstanding; rather; neither ... nor; although; though; but; however; something is just the other way around;yet; conversely; unlike; opposed to; as opposed to ; in contrast (to); by way of;on the contrary;different from this;as opposed to this; nevertheless; contrary to; whereas; while;but on the other hand.
8) 举例关系:for example; for instance; in this case; namely; as you know; you may as/say; as he explains; like; such as; a case in point is...; consider...; in particular;including...;for one thing...,for another...;put it simply;stated roughly; as an illustration, I will say...; a good example (of...)would be...;to detail this,I would like to...; It is interesting to note that...;in this situation; as proof; take the case of; take as example (something); as for; as regards; as to; according to; on this occasion.
9) 强调关系:in fact; especially;particularly;moreover;naturally; what is more important; in reality; certainly; of course; indeed; in particular;not to mention...;believe it or not;undeniably; other thing being equal;it is certain/sure that...;to be strict; to be true;by definition; definitely; undoubtedly; without a doubt; in truth, in any event(不论怎样); without reservation(毫无保留地); obviously, not only.. but(also...), both... and...
10) 条件关系: if;unless; lest;provided that;if it is the case;in this sense;once...;if possible;if necessary;if so;if not all; if anything.
11) 归纳总结类: in other words;on the whole; in sum; therefore;hence;in short;in brief;to sum up;in conclusion; in summary; to conclude; the conclusion can be drawn that...; for this reason; in short.
12) 地点关系:beyond; opposite to; adjacent to; at the same place; there; over; in the middle; around; in front of; in the distance; farther; here and there; above; below; at the right; between; on this side.
13) 目的关系:with this object; for this purpose; in order that; in this way, since; so that; on that account; in case; with a view to; for the same reason.
14) 重申关系:in other words; that is to say; as I have said; again; once again.
15) 结果关系:accordingly; thus; consequently; hence; therefore; thereupon; inevitably; under these conditions; as a result; as a consequence; because; because of; so that; not only...but (also...); so... as to.
16) 顺序关系:first; second; thirdly; next; then; at the outset(在开始时),following this; at this time; now; at this point; after; afterward; after this; subsequently; lastly; finally; consequently; before this; previously; preceding this; simultaneously; concurrently(同时).
17) 时间关系:at once; immediately; at length; in the mean time; meanwhile; at the same time; in the end; then; soon; not long after; later; at once; at last; finally; some time ago; at present; all of a sudden; from this time on; from time to time; since then; when; whenever; next point; a few minutes later; formerly; as; once; since; occasionally; in a moment; shortly; whereupon; previously

写作模板:
辩论式议论文
模版1
Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that 观点1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.
There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, 论据1.
More importantly, 论据2.
Most important of all, 论据3.
In summary, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.
或 From above, we can predict that 预测.
模版2
People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight.
For one thing, 论据1.
For another, 论据2.
Last but not the least, 论据3.
To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.
或 From above, we can predict that 预测.
模版3
There is no consensus of opinions among people about X(争论的焦点). Some people are of the view that 观点1, while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses. The reasons are obvious.
First of all, 论据1.
Furthermore, 论据2.
Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. That is, 论据3.
A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that总结观点.
As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.
或 From above, we can predict that 预测.
图表式作文
It is obvious in the graphic/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes. It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years (as X varies). At the point of X1, Y reaches its peak value of …(多少).
What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are … (多少) reasons behind the situation reflected in the graphic/table. First of all, …(第一个原因). More importantly, …(第二个原因). Most important of all, …(第三个原因).
From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future. The trend described in the graphic/table will continue for quite a long time (if necessary measures are not taken括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势).
提纲式作文
1. 对立观点式
A.有人认为X 是好事,赞成X, 为什么?
B. 有人认为X 是坏事, 反对X,为什么?
C.我的看法。
Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X. They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。
However, other people stand on a different ground. They consider it harmful to do X. They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。 An example can give the details of this argument: 一个例子。
There is some truth in both arguments. But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages. In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的有一个坏处。
2. 批驳观点式
A.一个错误观点。
B. 我不同意。
Many people argue that 错误观点。By saying that, they mean 对这个观点的进一步解释。An example they have presented is that 一个例子。(According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them 赞成这个错误观点或者受到这个错误观点的影响)。
There might be some element of truth in these people’s belief. But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 与错误观点相反的观点。There are a number of reasons behind my belief. (以下参照辩论文的议论文写法)。
3. 社会问题(现象)式
A.一个社会问题或者现象。
B. 产生的原因
C.对社会和我们生活的影响
D. 如何杜绝。(如果是问题的话)
E. 前景的预测。
Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem. (X has increasingly become a common concern of the public). According to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。(或者是一个例子)。
There are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon. 下面参照辩论式议论文的写法。
X has caused substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects. 参照辩论式议论文的写法。
A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm. 参照辩论式议论文的写法。
Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that more and more people will ……..

英语四六级写作绝招
开头万能公式
1. 开头万能公式一:名人名言
有人问了,“我没有记住名言,怎么办?尤其是英语名言?”,很好办:编!
原理:我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的,包括我们欣赏的文章也是,所以尽管编,但是一定要听起来很有道理呦!而且没准将来我们就是名人呢!对吧?
经典句型:
A proberb says, “ You are only young once.” (适用于已记住的名言)
It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. (适用于自编名言)
更多经典句型:
As everyone knows, No one can deny that…

2. 开头万能公式二:数字统计
原理:要想更有说服力,就应该用实际的数字来说明。
原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的,可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一,但编无妨,只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型:
According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graation.
看起来这个数字文邹邹的,其实都是编造出来的,下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造:
Honesty:根据最近的一项统计调查显示,大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。
Travel by Bike:根据最近的一项统计调查显示,85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。
Youth:根据最近的一项统计调查显示,在某个大学,学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。
Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?:根据最近的一项统计调查显示,98%的人同意每周五天工作日。
更多句型:
A recent statistics shows that …
结尾万能公式
1. 结尾万能公式一:如此结论
说完了,毕竟要归纳一番,相信各位都有这样的经历,领导长篇大论,到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话,我们马上停止开小差,等待领导说结束语。也就是说,开头很好,也必然要有一个精彩的结尾,让读者眼前一亮,这样,你就可以拿高分了!比如下面的例子:
Obviously(此为过渡短语), we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.
如果读者很难“显而见之”,但说无妨,就当读者的眼光太浅罢了!
更多过渡短语:
to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus
更多句型:
Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we can find that…

2. 结尾万能公式二:如此建议
如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话,那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了,因为这里虽然也是废话,但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽!
Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.
这里的虚拟语气用得很经典,因为考官本来经常考这个句型,而如果我们自己写出来,你说考官会怎么想呢?
更多句型:
Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.
Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.
写作的“七项基本原则”
一、 长短句原则
工作还得一张一驰呢,老让读者读长句,累死人!写一个短小精辟的句子,相反,却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末,也可以揭示主题:
As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.
如此可见,长短句结合,抑扬顿挫,岂不爽哉?牢记!
强烈建议:在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短,且先长后短;在文章主体部分,要先用一个短句解释主要意思,然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式,定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

二、 主题句原则
国有其君,家有其主,文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!相信各位读过一些破烂文学,故意把主体隐藏在文章之内,结果造成我们稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句,放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾,让读者一目了然,必会平安无事!
特别提示:隐藏主体句可是要冒险的!
To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句). Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.

三、 一二三原则
领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点… 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚,条理自然。破解方法很简单,只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。
1)first, second, third, last(不推荐,原因:俗)
2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐,原因:俗)
3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推荐,原因:俗)
4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推荐,原因:俗)
5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐)
6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐)
7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐)
8)most important of all, moreover, finally
9)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)
10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)
建议:不仅仅在写作中注意,平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚!

四、 短语优先原则
写作时,尤其是在考试时,如果使用短语,有两个好处:其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点,如果老师们看到你的文章太简单,看不到一个自己不认识的短语,必然会看你低一等。相反,如果发现亮点—精彩的短语,那么你的文章定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路,只有凑字数,怎么办?用短语是一个办法!比如:
I cannot bear it.
可以用短语表达:I cannot put up with it.
I want it.
可以用短语表达:I am looking forward to it.
这样字数明显增加,表达也更准确。

五、 多实少虚原则
原因很简单,写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西,不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词,少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候,不应该之说nice这样空洞的词,应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如:
走出房间,general的词是:walk out of the room
但是小偷走出房间应该说:slip out of the room
小姐走出房间应该说:sail out of the room
小孩走出房间应该说:dance out of the room
老人走出房间应该说:stagger out of the room
所以多用实词,少用虚词,文章将会大放异彩!

六、 多变句式原则
1)加法(串联)
都希望写下很长的句子,像个老外似的,可就是怕写错,怎么办,最保险的写长句的方法就是这些,可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说:
I enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar.
如果是二者并列的,我们可以用一个超级句式:
Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.
其它的短语可以用:
besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover
2)转折(拐弯抹角)
批评某人缺点的时候,我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点,然后转入正题,再说缺点,这种方式虽然阴险了点,可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢,我们说话的时候,只要在要点之前先来点废话,注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。
The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.
The coat was thin, but it was warm.
更多的短语:
despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding
3)因果(so, so, so)
昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩,然后我主动搭讪,然后我们去咖啡厅,然后我们认识了,然后我们成为了朋友…可见,讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序,先什么,后什么,所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系!
The snow began to fall, so we went home.
更多短语:
then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that
4)失衡句(头重脚轻,或者头轻脚重)
有些人脑袋大,身体小,或者有些人脑袋小,身体大,虽然我们不希望长成这个样子,可如果真的是这样了,也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子,就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句的变形。
举例:This is what I can do.
Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.
同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分:
When to go, Why he goes away…
5)附加(多此一举)
如果有了老婆,总会遇到这样的情况,当你再讲某个人的时候,她会插一句说,我昨天见过他;或者说,就是某某某,如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面,那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。
The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.
I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.
Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.
其实很简单,同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成;定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中,但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。
6)排比(排山倒海句)
文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此,如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话,那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句,一个个得对偶句,一个个的不定式,一个个地词,一个个的短语,如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势!
Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.
Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.
We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. (气势恢宏)
要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可!

七、 挑战极限原则
既然是挑战极限,必然是比较难的,但是并非不可攀!
原理:在学生的文章中,很少发现诸如独立主格的句子,其实也很简单,只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会,它就是分词的一种特殊形式,分词要求主语一致,而独立主格则不然。比如:
The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.
Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.
如果您可一些出这样的句子,不得高分才怪!
文章主体段落三大杀手锏
一、举实例
思维短路,举实例!提出一个观点,举实例!提出一个方案,举实例!而且者也是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式,任何情况下,只要我们无法继续文章,不管三七二十一,尽管举例子!
In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every possible stimulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colours, cartoon films and human performance. For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they fime him or her.
更多句型:
To take … as an example, One example is…, Another example is…, for example
二、做比较
方法:写完一个要点,比较与之相似的;又写完一个要点,再比较与之相反的;
世界上没有同样的指纹,没有相同的树叶,文章亦同,只有通过比较,你才会发现二者的相同点(through comparison)和不同点(through contrast)。下面是一些短语:
相似的比较:
in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner
相反的比较:
on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with …, …
三、换言之
没话说了,可以换一句话再说,让你的文章在多一些字,或者文邹邹地说,是让读者更充分的理解你的观点。
实际就是重复重复再重复!下面的句子实际上就三个字 I love you!
I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say, I love you.
I am wild about you. In other words, I have fallen in love with you.
或者上面我们举过的例子:
I cannot bear it.
可以用短语表达:I cannot put up with it.
因此可以这样说:I cannot bear it. That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.
更多短语:
in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply

四六级写作常见句型
(1)用于描写漫画、图表的常用句型
①As the graph depicts , …
②From the cartoon /picture , we can see that …
③According to the statistics shown in the first /second graph ,
④The table shows / indicates / reveals that …
⑤It can be seen /concluded from the picture / table / figures that …

(2)用于句首提出论题或现象的句型
①Recently , …has

⑻ 英语作文“首先,然后,其次,最后”的高级用法是什么


首先()高级英语短语可表达为:
1、in the first place;
2、in the first instance;
3、first of all。

其次(secondly):
1、the next;
2、in the next place。

然后(then):
1、afterwards;
2、after that;
3、afterward。

最后(final):
1、ultimate;
2、eventually;
3、in conclusion;
4、in the end;
5、to wind up with

综上:
1、In summary;
2、in conclusion;
3、in a word;
4、to sum up

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